easygraphics.turtle package¶

The turtle graphics package.

The turtle graphics is a classic and popular way to introducing programming to kids.

In the turtle graphics, you control a turtle to move around the graphics window. The traces left by its move form drawings.

Note that in the turtle graphics, the origin (0,0) is in the center of the graphics window, and Y-axis is bottom-up.

from easygraphics.turtle import *

def polyspi(side, angle, inc):
    while is_run():
        fd(side)
        rt(angle)
        side += inc

create_world(800, 600)
set_speed(100)
polyspi(0, 117, 5)
close_world()

Function list¶

World Setting¶

`create_world`
`close_world`
`get_turtle`
`get_turtle_world`
`is_run`
`pause`
`set_immediate`
`set_pen_size`

Turtle movement¶

Pen and Screen Settings¶

`clear_screen`
`cs`
`begin_fill`
`end_fill`
`pd`
`pen_down`
`pen_up`
`pu`

Functions¶

easygraphics.turtle.create_world(width: int = 800, height: int = 600) → None¶

Create an world for turtle drawing.

Parameters:	width – width of the graphics window height – height of the graphics window

easygraphics.turtle.close_world() → None¶: Close the turtle world and the graphics window.

easygraphics.turtle.forward(distance: float)¶

Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is heading.

Parameters:	distance – the distance to move

easygraphics.turtle.fd(distance: float)¶

Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is heading.

Parameters:	distance – the distance to move

easygraphics.turtle.backward(distance: float)¶

Move the turtle backward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is heading.

Parameters:	distance – the distance to move

easygraphics.turtle.back(distance: float)¶

Move the turtle backward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is heading.

Parameters:	distance – the distance to move

easygraphics.turtle.bk(distance: float)¶

Move the turtle backward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is heading.

Parameters:	distance – the distance to move

easygraphics.turtle.left_turn(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle left (counter-clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

easygraphics.turtle.lt(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle left (counter-clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

easygraphics.turtle.right_turn(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle right (clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

easygraphics.turtle.rt(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle right (clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

easygraphics.turtle.left(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle left (counter-clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

easygraphics.turtle.right(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle right (clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

easygraphics.turtle.clear_screen()¶: Delete all drawings from the screen and reset turtles to its original state.

easygraphics.turtle.cs()¶: Delete all drawings from the screen and reset turtles to its original state.

easygraphics.turtle.gotoxy(x: float, y: float)¶

Move the turtle to point (x,y). Will leave traces if the pen is down.

Parameters:	x – x coordinate value of the destination point. y – x coordinate value of the destination point.

easygraphics.turtle.home()¶: Move the turtle back to the origin(0,0), and heading up. Will leave traces if the pen is down.

easygraphics.turtle.turn_to(angle)¶

Turn the angle to orient to the specified angle.

Parameters:	angle – the new heading angle (in degrees).

easygraphics.turtle.facing(x: float, y: float)¶

Turn the turtle to face the point(x,y).

Parameters:	x – x coordinate value of the target point y – y coordinate value of the target point

easygraphics.turtle.begin_fill()¶: Begin to record the turtle’s shape drawing path for filling.

easygraphics.turtle.end_fill()¶: Fill the shape enclosed by the turtle’s drawing path after the last call to begin_fill.

easygraphics.turtle.setxy(x: float, y: float)¶

Set the turtle’s current position to point (x,y). Will not leave traces.

Parameters:	x – x coordinate value of the destination point. y – y coordinate value of the destination point.

easygraphics.turtle.set_heading(angle)¶

Set the angle current heading to the specified angle.

Parameters:	angle – the new heading angle (in degrees).

easygraphics.turtle.move_arc(radius: float, angle: float = 360)¶

Move the turtle in a arc path.

The center is radius units left of the turtle. That is, if radius > 0, the center is on the left of the turtle; if radius < 0, the center is on the right of the turtle.

If angle > 0, the turtle moves forward around the center; if angle < 0, the turtle moves backward around the center. So:

if angle > 0 and radius > 0, the turtle moves forward and turns counter-clockwise;
if angle > 0 and raidus < 0, the turtle move forward and turns clockwise;
if angle <0 and radius > 0, the turtle moves backward and turns clockwise;
if angle <0 and radius < 0, the turtle moves backward and turns counter-clockwise.

Parameters:	radius – radius of the arc angle – how many degrees the turtle will move

easygraphics.turtle.move_ellipse(radius_left: float, radius_top: float, angle: float = 360)¶

Move the turtle in an elliptical path.

“radius_left” is the radius of the ellipse on the direction perpendicular to the turtle’s orientation, it can be postive or negtive;”radius_top” is the radius of the ellipse on the direction parallel to the turtle’s orientation, it must be postive.

The center is radius_left units left of the turtle. That is, if radius_left > 0, the center is on the left of the turtle; if radius_left < 0, the center is on the right of the turtle.

If angle > 0, the turtle moves forward around the center; if angle < 0, the turtle moves backward around the center. So:

if angle > 0 and radius_left > 0, the turtle moves forward and turns counter-clockwise;
if angle > 0 and radius_left < 0, the turtle move forward and turns clockwise;
if angle <0 and radius_left > 0, the turtle moves backward and turns clockwise;
if angle <0 and radius_left < 0, the turtle moves backward and turns counter-clockwise.

Parameters:	radius_left – the radius of the ellipse on the direction perpendicular to the turtle’s orientation radius_top – the radius of the ellipse on the direction parallel to the turtle’s orientation angle – how many degrees the turtle will move

easygraphics.turtle.get_y() → float¶

Get the turtle’s current y position.

Returns:	the turtle’s y position.

easygraphics.turtle.get_x() → float¶

Get the turtle’s current x position.

Returns:	the turtle’s x position.

easygraphics.turtle.get_heading() → float¶

Get the turtle’s heading angle.

Returns:	the turtle’s heading angle.

easygraphics.turtle.get_turtle() → easygraphics.turtle.turleclass.Turtle¶

Get the current turtle.

Returns:	the current turtle

easygraphics.turtle.get_turtle_world() → easygraphics.turtle.turleclass.TurtleWorld¶

Get the current turtle world.

Returns:	the current turtle world

easygraphics.turtle.set_pen_size(width: float, image: easygraphics.image.Image = None)¶

Set line width (thickness) of the specified image.

It will be used when drawing lines or shape outlines

Parameters:	width – line width (line thickness) image – the target image whose line width is to be set. None means it is the target image (see set_target() and get_target())

easygraphics.turtle.set_immediate(immediate: bool)¶

Set if there are animations when the turtle moving.

Parameters:	immediate – True to turn off animation (the move finishes immediately). False to turn on.

easygraphics.turtle.set_speed(speed)¶

Set moving speed of the turtle.

Parameters:	speed – the new speed

easygraphics.turtle.pen_down()¶: Pull the pen down – drawing when the turtle moving.

easygraphics.turtle.pen_up()¶: Pull the pen up – no drawing when the turtle moving.

easygraphics.turtle.pu()¶: Pull the pen up – no drawing when the turtle moving.

easygraphics.turtle.pd()¶: Pull the pen down – drawing when the turtle moving.

easygraphics.turtle.hide()¶: Hide the turtle.

easygraphics.turtle.show()¶: Show the turtle.

easygraphics.turtle.pause()¶

Pause the program and wait for mouse clicking or keyboard hitting.

>>> from easygraphics import *
>>> init_graph(800,600)
>>> pause()
>>> close_graph()

easygraphics.turtle.is_run() → bool¶

Test if the graphics system is running.

Returns:	True if the graphics system is running.

easygraphics.turtle.is_out_of_window() → bool¶

Test if the turtle is out of the graphics window.

Returns:	True if the turtle is out of the window, False otherwise.

class easygraphics.turtle.Turtle(world: easygraphics.turtle.turleclass.TurtleWorld)¶

The Turtle class.

BASE_STEP = 1¶

DEFAULT_ORENTATION = 90¶

back(distance: float)¶

Move the turtle backward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is heading.

Parameters:	distance – the distance to move

backward(distance: float)¶

Move the turtle backward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is heading.

Parameters:	distance – the distance to move

begin_fill()¶: Begin to record the turtle’s shape drawing path for filling.

bk(distance: float)¶

Move the turtle backward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is heading.

Parameters:	distance – the distance to move

cancle_fill()¶: Cancle the turtle’s drawing path recording.

close()¶: Close and cleanup the turtle.

static create_turtle_icon() → easygraphics.image.Image¶

Create the default turtle icon.

Returns:	the turtle icon image

end_fill()¶: Fill the shape enclosed by the turtle’s drawing path after the last call to begin_fill.

facing(x, y)¶

Turn the turtle to face the point(x,y).

Parameters:	x – x coordinate value of the point facing to y – y coordinate value of the point facing to

fd(distance: float)¶

Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is heading.

Parameters:	distance – the distance to move

forward(distance: float)¶

Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is heading.

Parameters:	distance – the distance to move

get_heading() → float¶

Get the turtle’s heading angle.

Returns:	the turtle’s heading angle.

get_icon() → easygraphics.image.Image¶

Get the icon image of the turtle.

Returns:	the icon image

get_x() → float¶

Get the turtle’s current x position.

Returns:	the turtle’s x position.

get_y() → float¶

Get the turtle’s current y position.

Returns:	the turtle’s y position.

gotoxy(x, y)¶

Move the turtle to point (x,y). Will leave traces if the pen is down.

Parameters:	x – x coordinate value of the destination point. y – x coordinate value of the destination point.

hide()¶: Hide the turtle.

home()¶: Move the turtle back to the origin(0,0), and heading up. Will leave traces if the pen is down.

is_filling() → bool¶

Test if it is recording the turtle’s drawing path (for fill).

Returns:

is_out_of_window() → bool¶

Test if the turtle is out of the graphics window.

Returns:	True if the turtle is out of the window, False otherwise.

is_show()¶

Check if the turtle is shown.

Returns:	True the turtle is shown, False the turtle is hiding.

left(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle left (counter-clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

left_turn(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle left (counter-clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

lt(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle left (counter-clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

move_arc(radius: float, angle: float = 360)¶

Move the turtle in a arc path.

The center is radius units left of the turtle. That is, if radius > 0, the center is on the left of the turtle; if radius < 0, the center is on the right of the turtle.

If angle > 0, the turtle moves forward around the center; if angle < 0, the turtle moves backward around the center. So:

if angle > 0 and radius > 0, the turtle moves forward and turns counter-clockwise;
if angle > 0 and raidus < 0, the turtle move forward and turns clockwise;
if angle <0 and radius > 0, the turtle moves backward and turns clockwise;
if angle <0 and radius < 0, the turtle moves backward and turns counter-clockwise.

Parameters:	radius – radius of the arc angle – how many degrees the turtle will move

move_ellipse(radius_left: float, radius_top: float, angle: float = 360)¶

Move the turtle in an elliptical path.

“radius_left” is the radius of the ellipse on the direction perpendicular to the turtle’s orientation, it can be postive or negtive;”radius_top” is the radius of the ellipse on the direction parallel to the turtle’s orientation, it must be postive.

The center is radius_left units left of the turtle. That is, if radius_left > 0, the center is on the left of the turtle; if radius_left < 0, the center is on the right of the turtle.

If angle > 0, the turtle moves forward around the center; if angle < 0, the turtle moves backward around the center. So:

if angle > 0 and radius_left > 0, the turtle moves forward and turns counter-clockwise;
if angle > 0 and radius_left < 0, the turtle move forward and turns clockwise;
if angle <0 and radius_left > 0, the turtle moves backward and turns clockwise;
if angle <0 and radius_left < 0, the turtle moves backward and turns counter-clockwise.

Parameters:	radius_left – the radius of the ellipse on the direction perpendicular to the turtle’s orientation radius_top – the radius of the ellipse on the direction parallel to the turtle’s orientation angle – how many degrees the turtle will move

pd()¶: Pull the pen down – drawing when the turtle moving.

pen_down()¶: Pull the pen down – drawing when the turtle moving.

pen_up()¶: Pull the pen up – no drawing when the turtle moving.

pu()¶: Pull the pen up – no drawing when the turtle moving.

reset()¶: Reset the turtle’s state

right(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle right (clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

right_turn(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle right (clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

rt(degree: float)¶

Turn turtle right (clockwise) by “degree” degree.

Parameters:	degree – the degree to turn

set_heading(angle)¶

Set the angle current heading to the specified angle.

Parameters:	angle – the new heading angle (in degrees).

set_speed(speed: int)¶

Set moving speed of the turtle.

Parameters:	speed – the new speed

setxy(x, y)¶

Set the turtle’s current position to point (x,y). Will not leave traces.

Parameters:	x – x coordinate value of the destination point. y – y coordinate value of the destination point.

show()¶: Show the turtle.

turn_to(angle)¶

Turn the angle to orient to the specified angle.

Parameters:	angle – the new heading angle (in degrees).

class easygraphics.turtle.TurtleWorld(canvas: Optional[easygraphics.image.Image] = None)¶

Turtles move and draw in a world. This is the class representing the world.

You must remember to close it by calling the close() method, if you have finished the drawing and won’t use it anymore.

Note that in the default world, we are using a normal coordinate system that (0,0) is in the center of the graphics window (image), the X-axis grows from left to right, and the Y-axis grows from bottom to top. A positive degree means turn counter-clockwise, and a negtive degree means turn clockwise.

add_turtle(turtle: easygraphics.turtle.turleclass.Turtle)¶

Put the turtle into the world.

Parameters:	turtle – the turtle

clear()¶: Delete all drawings from the screen and reset turtles to its original state.

clear_screen()¶: Delete all drawings from the screen and reset turtles to its original state.

close()¶: Close the turtles world.

create_snap_shot() → easygraphics.image.Image¶

Create a snap shot of the current drawing.

Returns:	the snap shot image.

create_turtle()¶

Create a new turtle in the world and put it to the origin(0,0).

If x and y are None, the turtle is put on the center.

Returns:	the created turtle.

cs()¶: Delete all drawings from the screen and reset turtles to its original state.

get_height() → float¶

Get the height of the underlying graphics window (image).

Returns:	height of the underlying graphics window (image)

get_width() → float¶

Get the width of the underlying graphics window (image).

Returns:	width of the underlying graphics window (image)

get_world_image()¶

Return the drawing image of the world.

Returns:	the drawing image of the world.

is_immediate() → bool¶

Check if there are animations when turtles moving.

Returns:	True if there aren’t any animations (the move finishes immediately), False otherwise.

is_on_screen() → bool¶

Test if the underlying image is the graphics window.

Returns:	True if the underlying image is the graphics window, False otherwise.

is_running()¶

set_immediate(immediate: bool)¶

Set if there are animations when turtles moving.

Parameters:	immediate – True to turn off animation (the move finishes immediately). False to turn on.

snap_shot_to_image(image, x=0, y=0)¶

Create a snap shot to the specified image.

The snap shot will be copied to the image’s (x,y).

Parameters:	image – the image to copy the snap shot x – x coordinate value of the target position y – y coordinate value of the target position

easygraphics.turtle.easy_run(main_func: Callable, width=640, height=480)¶